Adolescents with Disabilities - 790 Words

Psychosocial Issues and Coping Strategies for Adolescents with Disabilities Adolescence is a time of change. It is a universal fact, meaning that everyone experiences a time of â€Å"growing up†. Physical maturation as it first occurs around age 12 or 13 has its own definitive term—puberty. There are also marked changes in cognitive processing, emotional maturity, and social interactions. The influx of changes can be overwhelming at best, tumultuous at worst. The additional stress of having a disability or chronic illness while growing up generates some distinctive concerns and worries. Subjects relating to identity, relationships and adulthood are most prominent in the thought-world of these teens. Deep-seated anxiety, depression,†¦show more content†¦While over half had gotten information from their parents, 40-50 % said they had never spoken with a doctor or nurse about their condition (p. 59). Most of the teenagers expressed wanting to know more. One girl with spina bifida said, â€Å"It is me, and although I havenâ€⠄¢t been told, I shouldn’t have to ask . . . they should tell you what’s happened and what is going to happen† (p. 47). Anderson, Clarke and Spain conclude that not enough is being done by the medical professionals and school personnel in these young persons’ lives (p.57). Another problem may be that parents are trying to shield their children from upsetting truths. By the time children have reached their teens, it is only beneficial for them to know the nature and extent of their disability. Armed with understanding they can now decide how they are going to look at their disability. Kriegsman, Zaslow, and D’Zmura-Rechsteiner wrote a book entitled Taking Charge: Teenagers Talk about Life Disabilities (1992). They suggest one focus on what can be controlled to minimize the effects ofShow MoreRelatedEffects Of The Self Directed Individualized Education Program On Self Determination And Transition Of Adolescents With Disabilities1406 Words   |   6 PagesSelf-Directed Individualized Education Program on Self-Determination and Transition of Adolescents With Disabilities Middle and high school student involvement in IEP (Individualized Education Plan) meetings has large benefits to the individual’s sense of self-determination. It allows them to have input in their education and learn to advocate for themselves. The term â€Å"Self-Directed IEP† refers to IEP meetings where the adolescent is actively participating in the meeting and transition planning for after high-schoolRead MoreA Special Service Dance Essay932 Words   |  4 Pageswas diagnosed with a disability they were institutionalized per the doctor’s request. There were many advancements in the 20th century in trying to get people who suffer from a disability the proper help they need. During the 1960s, â€Å"President Kennedy called for the deinstitutionalization of people with disabilities and increase in community services† (Disability Rights, 2012, p.6). President Kennedy wanted the community to come together to help assist people with a disability specif ically mentalRead MoreSocio Demographic Profile And Nutritional Status Of Hearing Impaired1594 Words   |  7 PagesBranch of study : SOCIAL SCIENCE Title : SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF HEARING IMPAIRED (DEAF) ADOLESCENTS Abstract Health status of a population is a significant indicator of human development. Like mortality, disability being a potential measure of health status of population has not received much attention in research particularly in the developing countries. Hearing impairment refers to both complete and partial loss of the ability to hear and researchRead MoreThe Health Of The Community- Public Health778 Words   |  4 Pagesproblems in child and adolescent growth and development, such as: Undetected health problems and developmental delays (e.g., exposure to lead or other environmental contaminants, dental problems, anemia, hearing loss), undetected developmental issues, inadequate nutrition, inadequate or ineffective parenting, child neglect, undetected emotional concerns, adolescent risk behaviors, and out- of - home placement (Nies McEwen, 2015 p. 287-309). In efforts to prevent child and adolescent growth and developmentRead Moreâ€Å"Motivation To Read: How Does It Change F or Struggling1604 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Motivation to Read: How Does It Change for Struggling Readers with and Without Disabilities† Description A study by Melekoglu and Wilkerson (2013), examines reading instruction and its impact on reading motivation of struggling readers with and without disabilities. The study is one of several on which Melekoglu and Wilkerson have collaborated (â€Å"Kimber Wilkerson,† 2017). Both researchers are university professors with extensive writing experience. Melekoglu has published thirteen journal articlesRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy Among Urban Adolescent Women1115 Words   |  5 PagesAssociated with Pregnancy among Urban Adolescent Women Seeking Psychological Services† teen pregnancy is still an ongoing issue that affects minority women. A great deal of research and literature pertaining to teenage pregnancy has been completed, however not much research focus on teen pregnancy amongst those females with mental illness (Lang et al., 2013). Due to the scarcity of research and literature, an investigation of risk factors associated with adolescent females with mental health i ssuesRead MoreEvidence Based Assessment Of Learning Disabilities1245 Words   |  5 Pages Evidence-Based Assessment of Learning Disabilities in Children and Adolescents Old Dominion University student Honor Pledge: â€Å"I pledge to support the honor system of Old Dominion University. I will refrain from any form of academic dishonesty or deception, such as cheating or plagiarism. I am aware that as a member of the academic community, it is my responsibility to turn in all suspected violators of the honor system. I will report to the Honor Council if summoned.† Signed: studentRead MoreDisabilities Education Act1302 Words   |  6 PagesUp until age 21, children with disabilities are covered by the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), which was first enacted in 1975 and most recently revised in 2004. IDEA mandates that every state provides children with disabilities a free public education that meets their individual and unique needs (Autism speaks toolkit, 2015). Many families with children with ASD have spent years navigating the school system in order to maximize their child’s potential under this Act. ChildrenRead MoreGender And Ethnic Background On Adolescent Development997 Words   |  4 Pagessuch as the neighborhood in which the adolescent lives, their socioeconomic status, racial and ethnic background, play a role in their development. A spectrum that considers a multifaceted framework, provides a platform to enhance one’s understanding of the assessment outcomes. According to Hill, Bromell, Tyson Flint (2007), the stages of adolescent development from ages eight to sixteen, involve biological, social, and cognitive components. Adolescents move through phases of identity developmentRead MoreStrengths In The Strength Of Asd Essay1159 Words   |  5 PagesStrengths in the Presence of ASD Learning While there are many difficulties imposed by ASD, it does not appear that ASD has the power to take away one’s ability to learn. During the aforementioned 2003 study of symptom severity in autism, a group of adolescents (age 10-21, mean age = 15.61) was compared to a cohort of adults (age 22 and older, mean age = 31.57), it was observed that symptoms seem to improve overtime. The study attempted to compare childhood symptoms to current symptoms. The results indicated

Omnivore’s Dilemma Chapter Review - 1326 Words

Omnivore’s Dilemma Chapter Review In almost every culture, one of the most cherished pass times is food. We eat to sustain or health, to celebrate, to morn, and sometimes just to do it. Yet, how often do we question were that food comes from? Most everyone purchases their meals from the grocery store or at a restaurant but have you ever wondered where that juicy steak grazed? How about how those crisp vegetables? Where were those grown? The Omnivore s Dilemma, by Michael Pollan, analyzes the eating habits and food chains of modern America in an attempt to bring readers closer to the origin of their foods. Not only where it comes from, but where it all begins, as well as what it takes to keep all of those plants and animals in†¦show more content†¦Even though the dairy cows seem to be well taken care of based on their healthier diets and I am sure the chickens are rotated. Something about the fact that the cows are hooked up to machines, instead of being handled by pe ople and that the chickens never actually get to roam around, like I feel they were intended to bothers me. This may come from me being an animal lover or my distaste for large corporations. Although I have pondered this thought many times since reading the chapter, I am still unsure what makes me so uncomfortable. I much more enjoyed reading about the small organic farms. Even though organic food is more expensive, it usually tastes better, and is better for our health. As well as being better for the environment. These organic farms use manure and other natural methods instead of toxic pesticides. Pollan’s statements throughout the chapter flowed nicely and kept me thinking that the next time I am shopping I wanted to know where the productions is based out of because I would much rather purchase from a small organic farm rather than large scale. Chapter 10 Grass: Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Pasture. This chapter would turn out to be my favorite chapter of all. I nev er would have thought I would be so interested in learning about grass. Me, the person who couldn’t stay awake in her Agriculture class to save her life but Pollan exceeded my expectations when helping me visualize what he described. I especially loved how heShow MoreRelatedBook Review: The Omnivores Dilemma by Michael Pollan631 Words   |  3 PagesThe Omnivores Dilemma by Michael Pollan brings to light the food choices Americans make on a daily basis. In chapters 1, 2, and 3, of The Omnivores Dilemma, Pollan addresses the issues related to food to enlighten the reader of Americas poor food production processes and its unhealthy consequences. After informing the reader where food really comes from, he educates the reader about healthy food options that one should take on a consistent basis. Near, the end of the book, the author takes a lookRead MoreThe Different Sections Of The Book The Omnivore s Dilemma 2173 Words   |  9 PagesThe different sections of the book †Å"The Omnivore’s Dilemma† embody the flawed system that America is currently facing, particularly the food industry. There is a limited understanding of what constitute an ideal meal, and process of prepping one. It could be that the information available are not clear and direct, or most consumers are choosing to overlook the lurking dangers behind the accessible food products. Either way, it is evident that most consumers have fell out of touch with knowing whatRead MoreChicago1997 Words   |  8 Pagesof common electronic sources. For numerous specific examples, see chapters 14 and 15 of the 16th edition of The Chicago Manual of Style. * * * * * Notes and Bibliography: Sample Citations The following examples illustrate citations using the notes and bibliography system. Examples of notes are followed by shortened versions of citations to the same source. For more details and many more examples, see chapter 14 of The Chicago Manual of Style. For examples of the same citationsRead MoreOmnivores Dilemma5066 Words   |  21 Pagesï » ¿ Michael Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma: The Secrets Behind What You Eat (Young Reader’s Edition) - Grade 7 Originally published in New York: Dial Books, 2009. Learning Objective: The goal of this two day exemplar is to give students the opportunity to use the reading and writing habits they’ve been practicing on a regular basis to unpack Pollan’s investigative journalism of industrial farms. By reading and rereading the passage closely combined with classroom discussion about it, students

Things Fall Apart, by Chinua Achebe Essay - 1357 Words

In the novel, Things Fall Apart, by Chinua Achebe, women play the roles of oppressed homemakers that are perceived as weak and defenseless second-class citizens, as the educators of children, and as spiritual leaders in traditional Ibo culture. Through the life of Okonwo, the main character of Things Fall Apart, the roles of women in traditional Ibo culture are presented through various events that take place in the village of Umuofia. In traditional Ibo culture, women were to stay at home and tend to her husbands’ needs and satisfy them. Women were viewed as property of their fathers and were then sold to the suitor that was willing to pay her bride-price. A woman had no identity of her own, the status and position of her husband defined†¦show more content†¦The other wives were very much afraid of Okonwo but they knew better than to challenge his authority. Neither of the wives dared to interfere between an occasional and tentative, â€Å"It is enough Okonwo †Å", pleaded from a reasonable distance (38). Okonwo even attempts to shoot Ekwefi when she referred to him as one of those â€Å"guns that never shot.† The novel describes a third instance of wife beating, when a severe case of wife beating comes before the egwugwu, they found in favor of the beaten wife, but at the end of the trial an elder wondered,† Why such a trifle should come before the egwugwu?†(94). All these occurrences demonstrate that women are oppressed and are treated like inferior, worthless properties that deserved to be beaten now and then in traditional Ibo culture. The Ibo believe that women are weak in every aspect of life. Men insult each other by calling each other women. An example of this is Okonwo’s deep hatred and resentment for his father, Unoka, whom he considered a woman because of his carelessness to rank high in status among the Ibo, for his laziness, and him being an untitled man. In a kindred meeting of his peers, Okonwo unk indly tells Osugo, the man who had contradicted him in the meeting, â€Å"This meeting is for men† (26). Since Osugo has taken no title, Okonwo considers him a woman. Okonwo perceives women as being weak and does not want to appear weak or like a woman among the Ibo. After murdering Ikemefuna,Show MoreRelatedThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe1415 Words   |  6 Pagesbook Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe does just that. This book should be taught in schools because it shows the values and traditions of Achebe’s Igbo culture, persistently teaches life lessons throughout the book, and shows the darker reality of European colonialism in Africa. Chinua Achebe is known as one of the most influential and famous authors to ever write. Chinua Achebe originates from an Igbo background and he expresses that through his writings very well including Things Fall ApartRead MoreThings Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe1324 Words   |  6 Pages Chinua Achebe chose to write his novels in English to reveal a deep response of his people to colonisation and to make that response understood to people all over the world. Things Fall Apart was written in English to teach people worldwide of the struggles he faced and the people of Nigeria faced growing up. Many authors and critics have written about Achebe’s ‘Things fall apart’ adding their valued opinion on what he was trying to say and his decision to write in English. In the followingRead MoreThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe Essay1203 Words   |  5 Pages who took their land for monetary gain. This was a dark period of time for Africans that live there. The U.S. Civil War and The Great Depression both can be related, in this instance, to how down their people were because of what happened. Chinua Achebe said it best, â€Å"I would be quite satisfied if my novels...did no more than teach my readers of their past...was not a long night of savagery from which the first European acting on God’s behalf delivered them†(qtd. in â€Å"Morning Yet† 45). In theRead MoreThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe1452 Words   |  6 Pagesassume control over the Roman Empire. However, imperialism in Africa remained a recorded element from 1750 to 1945. This paper visits how control and changes were influences over the Africans during this time period as seen through Chinua Achebe’s novel Things Fall Apart. (UKEssays, 2015) Europe was experiencing a few financial and political changes that forced the major European forces to investigate abroad regions to add to their resources during the seventeenth century. In order for the EuropeanRead MoreThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe2361 Words   |  10 PagesThings Fall Apart Book Critique Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe is a historical fiction novel describing the life of Okonkwo in a Nigerian village succumbing to European ways, in order to portray Achebe’s view on imperialism. It was chosen for us to read by our teacher because it describes imperialism and its effects in an Ibo village of Nigeria. It also shows the treatment of natives by the Europeans and how the natives reacted. Things Fall Apart is useful to our course of studies because itRead MoreThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe1265 Words   |  6 PagesThings Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe is markedly relevant to our current course of studies in World History, as it tells a story based on European Imperialism in Africa. Coming off the heels of our Imperialism unit, this post-colonial novel provides very helpful context on different civilizations’ perspectives throughout the Age of Imperialism; aside from analyzing death tolls, descriptions of conflicts, and names of countries, it was previousl y hard to envision what life was actually like during thatRead MoreThings Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe 735 Words   |  3 PagesThings fall apart. Achebe. Ernest Gaines once said, â€Å"I write to try to find out who I am. One of my main themes is manliness. I think Im trying to figure out what manliness really is.† Indeed, every society or culture has its own understanding of an ideal man. Even though these characteristics are different in various parts of the world, the significance of masculinity can never be overestimated. â€Å"Things Fall Apart† by Chinua Achebe is considered as one of the best examples of a riseRead MoreThings Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe692 Words   |  3 Pagesthe way to go. Through commercial trading Islam spread into Igboland, and this led to more Igbo people leaving the Igbo way of life for another, whether it be Islam or Christianity which divide the country in two. In the novel Things Fall Apart written by Chinua Achebe British colonialism and the migration of Muslims to Nigeria led to the change in the faith, social and economic changes in the Igbo society. Traditional Igbo faith believes that there is only one creator or god known as ChinekeRead MoreThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe897 Words   |  4 PagesIn the novel, â€Å"Things Fall Apart† by Chinua Achebe the Igbo tradition revolves around structured gender role. Everything essential of Igbo life is based on their gender, which throughout the novel it shows the role of women and the position they hold, from their role in the family household, also planting women crops, to bearing children. Although the women were claimed to be weaker and seemed to be treated as objects, in the Igbo culture the women still provided qualities that make them worthyRead MoreThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe Essay1851 Words   |  8 Pageschoice and styles are critical not only to the reader’s understanding of the text but to his appreciation as well. How language is effectively manipulated in their writings enhances the reader’s valuing of the works. The selected novel Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe is a representation of Igbo culture and their language. It explores the life of an Igbo tribe at the time of when colonization hit Africa. It could be considered as a post-colonial text, as the protagonist of the story and the other

Henry David Thoreau And Ralph Waldo Emerson - 1992 Words

Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson, a group of transcendentalists who brought great ideals with them through the mid 1800’s. Their philosophy stated that people needed to stay true to themselves and their own ideas, not those of society. One essay where Thoreau thoroughly exemplifies this is in Civil Disobedience. Throughout this essay, Thoreau tries to show his point that even though the government consists of more people, it will not always be correct. This means that the majority does not always equal the better option and that if people go with what they think, then they will be right. He asserts that anyone can constitute the majority of one and be the one person who draws attention to an issue. The NFL, the National Football League, where stars can shine doing what they love for millions of fans, and where the NFL can create rules and policies every year to try and limit the freedom and take control of â€Å"it’s† players. It creates rules about what the players can and cannot wear, what they can do on and off the field, and even when and where they have to speak. The more constraints the NFL puts on the players, the more likely they will be to break them. In the past few years there have been more movements against the NFL to try and earn some of the players’ rights back. Just as Thoreau presents his and Emerson’s ideas in Civil Disobedience, the players in the NFL still emulate their ideas by being the â€Å"majority of one†(Thoreau). A recent example of an NFLShow MoreRelatedRalph Waldo Emerson And Henry David Thoreau971 Words   |  4 PagesRalph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau were the giants during the 19th century American Transcendentalism movement. Their influential work brought upon shared beliefs on concerning spiritual perspectives, government interference, and the ideology of cultural values in American society. Nature has a multitude of meaning if looked at it from all angles, but deeper within nature is the reflection of what you exert while in it. However they agree on the human condition, the two authors speak withRead MoreRalph Waldo Emerson And Henry David Thoreau Essay723 Words   |  3 Pagesparticularly famous transcendentalists were Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau. Ralph Waldo Emerson’s renowned essay, â€Å"Nature† demonstrates the transcendentalists’ fascination with the natural world and their belief in its divinity. A fantastic quote from â€Å"Nat ure† is â€Å"Within these plantations of God, a decorum and sanctity reign, a perennial festival is dressed, and the guest sees not how he should tire of them in a thousand years.† In this quote, Emerson refers to nature as â€Å"God’s plantation†Read MoreRalph Waldo Emerson And Henry David Thoreau1336 Words   |  6 PagesRalph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau are two of the most influential writers of the Nineteenth Century. They influenced the American society and future writers to become an individual through their own writings. Transforming a movement known as Transcendentalism, both Emerson and Thoreau used this simple idea of nature, society and individualism to their advantage. Both used this simple idea to not only understand themselves, but also the world around them. Emerson and Thoreau held many ofRead MoreHenry David Thoreau And Ralph Waldo Emerson1604 Words   |  7 Pagespar. 1) Henry David Thoreau reminds us about the importance of simplicity, authenticity, and downright disobedience. Born July 12, 1817, just west of Boston in Concord, Massachusetts, his father operated a pencil factory and his mother rented rooms out to boarders. Thoreau graduated in 1837 from Harvard College, but did not take on assumed careers in law or medicine, he went on into education. After a failed attempt at teaching he befriended American philosopher, Ralph Waldo Emerson. Emerson was aRead MoreTranscendentalism : Henry David Thoreau And Ralph Waldo Emerson847 Words   |  4 Pagespower or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint. Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau are two transcendentalists that have different views on freedom. Our project, representing freedom, shows a person how to live his or her life in a way of freedom shown by Emerson and Thoreau. Together, we did research on the transcendentalists: Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson. We studied these men in the essays that we learned about during class. We found someRead MoreTranscendentalism And Ralph Waldo Emerson And Henry David Thoreau807 Words   |  4 Pagesfamous ambassadors, Ralph Waldo Emerson and apprentice Henry David Thoreau. These men believed nature is what forces us not to depend on other ideas but to develop our own. Born in Boston, Massachusetts on May 25, 1803 as the fourth child in a family of eight, Ralph Waldo Emerson was brought up in an atmosphere where seven of his ancestors were ministers, and his father, William Emerson (who died when Emerson was eight), was minister of the First Church (Unitarian) of Boston. Emerson graduated in 1821Read MoreComparing Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau892 Words   |  4 Pagesand times in which they live. In the essay â€Å"Self Reliance† by Ralph Waldo Emerson, and the book Walden by Henry David Thoreau, the authors speak out against conformity and materialism in society. Both were romanticism authors during the 1800s. They focused on simplicity and individuality. Both writings can advise teenagers today on the importance of non-conformity and the value of rejecting materialism. In â€Å"Self Reliance†, Emerson discusses being one’s own person and not allowing society to moldRead MoreTranscendentalism : Ralph Waldo Emerson And Henry David Thoreau967 Words   |  4 PagesRalph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau are two of the most inspiring and accomplished writers to ever walk upon this Earth. They dared to question how people lived and how people should live. They were light years ahead of their time with their transcendentalist ideas. Transcendentalism can be defined by this quote, â€Å"People... have knowledge about themselves and the world around them that transcends... what they can see, hear, taste, touch or feel†(History). This is a perfect explanation forRead MoreAnalysis Of Ralph Waldo Emerson And Henry David Thoreau1183 Words   |  5 Pagesby the means of the senses. As the two most prominent figures in the transcendentalist movement, Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau whole-heartedly embrace the principles of n ature through different means and individually argue for the notion of individuality and self-expression in the writings of â€Å"solitude† (Thoreau) and â€Å"Nature† (Emerson). In the beginning of Chapter one of â€Å"Nature,† Emerson describes the notion of solitude as emerging oneself into nature and leaving behind all preoccupyingRead More Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau as Fathers of Transcendentalism730 Words   |  3 PagesRalph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau as Fathers of Transcendentalism Transcendentalism was a movement in writing that took place in the mid-nineteenth century. It formed in the early to mid nineteenth century and reached it climax around 1850 during an era commonly referred to as the American Renaissance, America’s Golden Day, or the Flowering of New England. The basic tenets of Transcendentalism involve the relationships between one’s self and the world at large. First, the search

Anorexia Nervosa a Feminist reading of a distorted perception of beauty Free Essays

string(203) " and exaggeration of the feminine idea whether anorexia is an over-conformity or rebellion against the notion of feminine beauty, it is still calling attention to the effects of gender roles in society\." Introduction The focus of this essay is to explore the eating disorder Anorexia nervosa. Anorexia was chosen for the topic for this essay as it has both a long history in human culture but is still a very current and prevalent issue. The subject of anorexia will be explored using various sociological perspectives. We will write a custom essay sample on Anorexia Nervosa: a Feminist reading of a distorted perception of beauty or any similar topic only for you Order Now First, the feminist perspective will focus on women’s experiences and explore anorexia from the standpoint of a woman as opposed to the often male-dominated perspective of traditional society (Hall and Steven, 1991). The functionalism theory interprets society as a whole made up of correlated parts such as traditions, institutions, customs, etc; therefore, this perspective will examine the association between societal pressure and media influence and anorexia. And lastly, the symbolic interaction perspective analyses symbols, subjective interpersonal significance and the interaction between individuals through communication (Van der Spuy E, M de Klerk H and Kruger R, 2003) anorexia can be explained through various symbols such as food and self-image and how these are used to communicate self-image to other individuals. Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterised by extreme anxiety about one’s weight and keeping it as low as possible by very strictly limiting the intake of food (NHS, 2011).There are various statistics relevant to anorexia available in the UK. According to The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE), approximately one in 250 females and one in 2000 males will experience anorexia (2004). In the UK, approximately one in every 100 women between the ages of 15 and 30 years suffer from anorexia (Disordered Eating, 2011). However, reports have shown girls as young as five years old have weight concerns and are potentially susceptible to develop anorexia (Disordered Eating, 2011). According to Beating Eating Disorders (B-EAT 2011), around 1-2% of young women are thought to be anorexic at any one time and approximately 11 people in 100,000 develop the condition each year. Approximately 40% of people with anorexia recover completely and an estimated 30% wi ll continue to suffer long-term effects of the illness (Disordered Eating, 2011). Anorexia is a serious health issue because it is the leading cause of mental health-related deaths (NHS, 2011). The mortality rate for anorexia is estimated to run around 13-20% per year (Howlett et al., 1995). It is also important to study because it is associated with various health complications. One of the primary complications is loss of fertility which may cause lifelong difficulties (B-eat, 2011). There are also other complications due to malnutrition such as osteoporosis which can increase the risk of spontaneous fractures even from minor traumas (B-eat, 2011). The feminist perspective is a sociological perspective based on a female-centered viewpoint as an alternative to the male-centered viewpoint that often dominates traditional philosophy, society, and culture (Rodgers 2005). According to Hall and Steven (1991), feminism has the three basic principles of: valuing women and validating women’s experiences, ideas, and needs; recognizing the existence of ideological, structural, and interpersonal conditions that dominate women; and a desire to change these oppressive limitations through criticism and political action. As body image is part of a woman’s concept of her sexuality, it is related to her feeling feminine and attractive and consequently her self-esteem (Fobair, 2006). Feminist theory suggests that the reason women feel dissatisfied with their bodies is because of a social phenomenon and not individual choice (McKinley, 2002). Women tend to be more concerned about the appearance of their bodies than men, who are more concerned with the functionality of their bodies (Ziebland, 2002). Landwerlin (2001) suggests that the extreme pressure of women to conform to the idea that beauty in women is being exceptionally thin has led to an epidemic of eating disorders. Women feel the need to meet impossible demands of beauty and thinness and struggle to meet the expectations of the feminine stereotype (Parker and Mauger, 1976). Women with anorexia are obsessively pursuing the ideal feminine body shape in an exaggerated manner (Boskind-Lodahl, 1976). Boskind-Lodahl (1976) suggests that anorexic women are controlling their appearance to gain the approval of others, especially men, and gain a sense of self-worth through this validiation Chernin (1986) believes that women with eating disorders are using their bodies to express unhappiness about their role in life in a male-dominated society. Because a woman’s body is representative of her identity, women are able to express confusion about her role in society through eating disorders such as anorexia (Chernin, 1986). Conversely, there are some feminist theorists who believe that women with anorexia are not conforming to the feminine ideal, but rather rejecting it. As women with anorexia are overly thin, they actually become unattractive and challenge the concept of being valued for their appearance (Moorey, 1991). Lester (1997) suggests that by becoming so overly thin, women are flaunting the fact that society demands this viciously harmful body type to be considered attractive. It is an unmistakable statement that she believes societal pressure is causing her to starve herself and be dangerously unhealthy (Bordo, 1997). It is in a sense over-conforming to the point where the woman disappears, first physically, then spiritually. She is trying to break away from the stereotypes of femininity beauty shoved onto her from a male-centered society (Malson and Ussher, 1997). This feminist theory that women with anorexia are actually trying to break away from conformity can be extended. To escape the feminine role that is forced onto them, women may adopt masculine characteristics as the solution (Elks, 1994). Elks (1994) believes that women use anorexia to transform their bodies into a sexless state, by denying the normal curves of a woman that are associated with feminine characteristics such as pregnancy. It is a rejection of fertility and obligation to a family as a mother or wife. By suppressing the development of hips and breasts, women are changing their bodies into a more genderless figure (Elks, 1994). All of these feminist theories suggest that women are using their bodies as a political statement. Orbach (1989) suggests that anorexia is an ambivalence about femininity, both a rejection and exaggeration of the feminine idea whether anorexia is an over-conformity or rebellion against the notion of feminine beauty, it is still calling attention to the effects of gender roles in society. You read "Anorexia Nervosa: a Feminist reading of a distorted perception of beauty" in category "Essay examples" The functionalism perspective sees society as being held together by social consensus, a functioning body that is made up of different interdependent elements such as customs, traditions, and institutions (Parsons, 1975). All of these parts affect each other so functionalism reflects on both the micro-scale individual components as well as the macro-scale function of the whole. Parsons (1975), a functionalist theorist, suggested that each individual had expectations of his and others’ actions and that these expectations were derived from the accepted norms and customs of their society Parsons suggested that individuals were expected to fulfill certain roles in society and conform to that specific society’s customs and what was seen as the norm. The perfect society then, would be one where there is no conflict between the norms of society and the performance of the individual within these institutions and traditions (Parsons, 1975). In modern society, mass media bombards images of extremely thin women as being the ideal form. Anorexia can be seen as society’s struggle to align this â€Å"norm† of very thin models and celebrities to all women. Robert Merton, another influential functionalist theorist, had similar notions to Parsons. Merton expanded Parsons’ ideas that some structures within society may be dysfunctional (Holmwood, 2005). Merton’s theory of deviance suggested that there was a possibility of discontinuity between the cultural goal and the reaction of an individual (Merton, 1957). Among these scenarios are conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreats, and rebellion (Merton, 1957). The prevalence of anorexia in society can be explained through several of these cases. Because of the widespread exposure of thin, beautiful women in the form of advertisements, movies, television and shows, the reaction of trying to conform to this image is easy to understand. Every day women see what type society labels as beautiful and strive to conform and be just like that image. Young girls and mature women alike suffer anorexia to achieve this conformity. Anorexia can also be seen as an innovation type scenario; w omen see the thin models and celebrities and will attempt to become this image through unaccepted methods such as starvation and malnutrition. Ritualism occurs when an individual strives to follow society’s norms but is not rewarded in the end. This is true in the cases of women where anorexia causes severe health issues and achieving the thin body type comes at a cost of morbidity and mortality. Merton also proposed the idea that human function could be categorized as either manifest functions which are obvious and intentional or latent functions which are vague and involuntary (Holmwood, 2005). Manifest functions are what people expect whereas latent functions are unrecognized and unexpected (Merton, 1957). Dysfunction, such as anorexia, can be seen as manifest or latent as well. Anorexia as a manifest dysfunction is recognized because it is a serious medical issue documented in hospitals and primary care. Anorexia can also be seen as a latent dysfunction since it was not necessarily anticipated as a product of media bombardment of thin models and celebrities. Anorexia can be interpreted through a variety of methods using the functionalist theory. Because anorexia is a reflection of self-image that is highly affected by society and mass media culture, the functionalist theory is a competent interpretative perspective for this topic. And lastly, the symbolic interaction theory is a micro-scale perspective, emphasizing the interpretation of symbols and self-perception as constructed by others through communication and interaction. Symbolic interaction not only examines the interaction between individuals but also within the own individual (Van der Spuy E, M de Klerk H and Kruger R, 2003). Because human actions consist of identifying the self as an object, it serves as a symbol which a woman can use to communicate to others and herself. Anorexic women are communicating their refusal to eat and the resulting thinness of her body as a symbol to others. Kaiser (1990) suggests that the self develops from the combination of the interaction with other individuals who give feedback and with those individuals with whom she compares herself. These other individuals may be friends, peers, stereotypes, etc. The woman compares herself to these other groups and takes their feedback into consideration in the development and perc eption of her self-image and body. Blowers et al (2003) suggests that this external pressure from different groups causes women to internalize societal norms that thinness is beautiful and important for success for a woman. When comparing magazines read by young women and by young men, Heilman (1998) found that ten times as many promoted the thin figure in advertisements targeted to women. Through media alone, young women are more susceptible to body image issues and according to Marcotte et al (2002), young women become more depressed than their male counterparts during teen years. This depression and low self-esteem could push these girls to resort to anorexia to match the model figures seen in so many advertisements. Kaiser (1990) proposes that a symbol should communicate the same thing to others and herself. So women apply self-control to behave a certain way in order for others to have a specific image of her. Individuals who suffer from anorexia exhibit this exact behavioural pattern of demonstrating extreme wil l power to refrain from eating (Slabber, 1985). Symbolic interaction proposes that clothes, food, and physical appearance can sometimes used to simplify social interactions (Van der Spuy E, M de Klerk H and Kruger R, 2003). All of these items serve as symbols which are used to communicate the self to others and to themselves. This symbol of the body is a mental picture that one has at any given time and a positive body image correlates strongly to a feeling of acceptance (Van der Spuy E, M de Klerk H and Kruger R, 2003). Dissatisfaction with their body image is correlated to eating behaviours in females as young as grade school children (Vander Wal and Thelen, 2000). Women with anorexia have a distorted body image and continue to strive to be as thin as possible (Drewnowski et al, 1995). Further encouraged by mass media and modern society’s fashion culture, women see the clothes they are supposed to wear on extremely emaciated figures (Kaiser, 1990). Kilbourne stated that women are driven by the fear of being overweight, as the intolerance against fat people, more specifically fat women, is one of the few remaining prejudices that are found socially acceptable (Benokrates 1999). Anorexic women also view food as an important symbol in her life. She is obsessed with the idea of it and at the same time rejecting it completely because it symbolizes weight gain (Kaiser, 1990). Further obsession on this symbol turns food and the idea of eating into a neurotic fear of gaining weight which leads to starvation to the point of malnutrition and danger. This feeling of power and control over abstaining from food becomes a symbol of herself and the extent of her will power and so becomes addicting and repetitive (Wardlaw1999). The symbols and interactions with other individuals that anorexic women interpret and experience play a large role in the development and continuation of their anorexic condition. Associating the symbol of food with becoming fat, which goes against the media stereotype of beauty in women, perpetuates anorexic tendencies in symbolic interaction theory. Anorexia is a serious health issue but with the help of various sociological perspectives, the intentions behind it can be understood so the affected individuals can be helped as best as possible. Understanding anorexia through the feminist perspective explores the topic from the viewpoint of the women, as opposed to the generally male-dominated perspective of traditional society. Feminist theory suggests that anorexic women are overly conforming to the idealised thin figure of the women to express unhappiness in the male-dominated society. Other feminist theory thought suggests anorexic women are actually rejecting the feminine role in society by becoming so emaciated; they shed their feminine shape and become an androgynous figure that rejects their role as a mother or wife. The functionalist perspective examines anorexia as one part of society that interrelates to other aspects of society, all coming together in a social consensus. This social consensus promotes various actions in individuals such as conformity, innovation, and ritualism. Women are driven to conform to the thin image of celebrities and models and use innovative methods such as extreme starvation to achieve these results. However, these results may be without reward if it leads to health problems and possibly death. Symbolic interaction perspective investigates anorexia in terms of how individuals perceive symbols and its interaction with other individuals and also themselves. Women view food as a symbol of weight-gain and grow to detest it, becoming obsessed with the idea of rejecting food. These anorexic women interpret their self-image as a reflection of what others think of them and use this feedback to view themselves. The media ideal of the thin female form influences women into viewing this as the only acceptable form of beauty in women. All of these sociological perspectives provide insightful logic into how anorexic women think and offer rationale behind their actions and motives. St udying anorexia through various sociological perspectives gives a comprehensive overview of many possible theories and explanations as to why this disorder afflicts these women. By truly understanding the underlying rationale behind these women’s actions, it is possible to help these women carefully and efficiently. REFERENCES B-eat. (2011) Understanding eating disorders, Accessed online on 18/04/2011 at http://www.b-eat.co.uk/Home/PressMediaInformation/Somestatistics Benokrates NV (1999). Marriages and families.. 3rd ed. Prentice-Hall: Englewood Cliffs. Blowers LC et al (2003). The relationship between sociocultural pressure to be thin and body dissatisfaction in preadolescent girls. Eating disorders:4(3);229-224 Bordo S (1997). The body and the reproduction of femininity in Writing on the body: female embodiment and feminist theory. Columbia University Press: NY Boskind LM. (1976) Cinderella’s stepsisters: A feminist perspective on anorexia nervosa and bulimia. SIGNS Journal of Women in Culture and Society:2;342-356 Chernin, K (1986.). The Hungry Self: Women, eating, and identity Virago Press: London Disordered Eating (2011). Anrexia Nervosa Statistics (UK). Accessed online on 19/04/2011 at http://www.disordered-eating.co.uk/eating-disorders-statistics/anorexia-nervosa-statistics-uk.html Drewnowski A, Kurth CL and Krahn DD(1995) . Effects of body image on dieting, exercise, and anabolic steroid use in adolescent males. International Journal of Eating Disorders:17(4);381-386 Elks ML (1994). On the genesis of anorexia nervosa – a feminist perspective. Medical hypothesis:42;180-182 Fobair P et al (2006) Body image and sexual problems in young women with breast cancer. Psychooncology:15;579-594 Hall JM, Steven PE (1991) Rigor in feminist research. ANS Adv Nurs Sci;13(3):16-29 Heilman EE. The struggle for self. Youth and society 1998:30(2);182-205 Holmwood, J. (2005) â€Å"Functionalism and its Critics† in Harrington, A., (ed) Modern Social Theory: an introduction, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 87–109 Howlett M, McClelland L and Crisp AH (1995). The cost of illness that defies. 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New York NY: The Guilford Press;:55-62 Merton, Robert K. (1957). Social Theory and Social Structure, revised and enlarged edition. New York: Free Press of Glencoe. Moorey J. Living with anorexia and bulimia 1991. Manchester University Press: Manchester NHS Choices. Anorexia nervosa (2011). Accessed online on 20/04/2011 at http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Anorexia-nervosa/Pages/Introduction.aspx NICE (2004). Eating Disorders: Core interventions in the treatment and management of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and related eating disorders. The British Psychological Society The Royal College of Psychiatrists. Leicester and London. Orbach S (1986). Hunger Strike: the anorexia’s struggle as a metaphor for our age. Faber and faber: London Parker R and Mauger S (1976). Anorexia Nervosa Spare Rib 28:6-10 Rodgers BL. (2005) Feminism and science. Developing Nursing Knowledge: Philosophical Traditions and Influences. Philadelphia, PA: Lippinscott Williams Wilkins;:161-172 Slabber M. Anorexia nervosa. Journal of dietetics and home economics 1985:13(2):55-59 Talcott Parsons (1975), â€Å"The Present Status of â€Å"Structural-Functional† Theory in Sociology.† In Talcott Parsons, Social Systems and The Evolution of Action Theory New York: The Free Press, Van der Spuy E. M de Klerk H and Kruger R. (2003) The development of social-cognitive models for a better understanding of the female adolescent suffering from anorexia nervosa. Tydskrif vir Geseinsekologia en Verbrulkarawetenskappe:31;30-40 Vander Wal JS and Thelen MH. (2000) Predictors of body image dissatisfaction in elementary-age school girls. Eating behaviours:1(2);105-122 Wardlaw GM (1999) Perspectives in nutrition.. 4th edition. McGraw-Hill: Boston Ziebland S et al., (2002) A body image and weight change in middle age: a qualitative study. Int J Obes:26;1083-109 Bibliography Dr Powell J (2010) Anorexia nervosa, what is anorexia nervosaAccessed (online) on 27/04/2011 at http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/diseases/facts/anorexianervosa.htm Hornbacher M (1999) Wasted: A Memoir of Anorexia and Bulimia Hendricks J (2003) Slim to None: A Journey through the Wasteland of Anorexia Treatment, Contemporary books. Pub-med Health (2010) Anorexia nervosa, Eating disorder – anorexia, accessed (online) on 26/04/2011 athttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001401/ How to cite Anorexia Nervosa: a Feminist reading of a distorted perception of beauty, Essay examples

Women’s Right in India

Question: Discuss about "Womens Right in India". Answer: According to the Socio Legal Information Centre, the notion of women rights and the violation of these fundamental rights through mental, physical, sexual, mental and emotional violence against women has become almost a routine in the Indian context. The question if there were more women representatives in parliament, would these continue looms the air. For the past couple of years, female political representation in India has been lagging, though to date; some improvement has been noted. From the pre-independent times, women have been associated with politics. The Constitution of India under the law guarantees equality to women. They have, however, been marginalized in the political arena. Chhibber states that as at 2010, about half of the population in India had 10% of women representation in the political arena in Lok Sabha. On the other hand, in Rajya Sabha, there were 9% of women representation. The dominance of men in bureaucracy, judiciary and Parliament bring about the notion of gender equality regardless of the point that frequently womens political representation would encourage a less conflict prone and a more cooperative world. According to Kably, in 2013, analysts and researchers identified that womens rights progress was being impeded by the low level of women political representation. It was discovered that women had a 10.6 % representation in Indias Rajya Sabha and 11 % in the Lok Sabha. This made India the 108th in number out of the 188 countries that were included in the annual analysis of female members of parliament steered by the (IPU) Inter-Parliamentary Union. Various obstacles that hinder the representation of women in politics. Among them is the lack of awareness of their rights, poverty, the inadequate financial independence, the patriarchal mode of society and lack of education. According to Lal, in 2014, the President, Pranab Mukherjee encompassed a robust committee guaranteeing 33 % representation of women. To send out a powerful message on the empowerment of women, experts saw the passage of a Womens Reservation Bill, proposing that a third of the seats in the Lok Sabha to be reserved for women as an effective strategy. Furthermore, they saw the reservation of legislative assemblies for women also effective. An improvement on the consideration of women rights is noted as the code of gender equality is cherished in the Indian constitution. The country has sanctioned several human rights instruments and international conventions as well to assure equal rights for women. Though this looks promising on paper, what is actually happening is not that effective. Lal also states that as at 2014, there were only 61 women out of 543 MPs. Women are still poorly represented. It is expected that if one-third of the representatives in parliament in India are women, then there would exist a logical system of checks and balances ensuring that the rampant cases of skewed ratio and rape experienced in the country are curbed through enhanced vigilance from authorities. According to Verma, when considering violence against women, the responses of the government have been seen to be inadequate. The government has to do more and take seriously the challenges the women face. Various analysts also state that the representation of women in parliament is essential not only on the basis of legitimacy and social justice but also due to the fact that if there is a higher number of women in the public office, who convey the interest of women, and hold the power, will uncover the roots of gender hierarchy. There is the need for there to be a group of women placing womens issues on the political agenda. The election of more women in the political office will also lead to the improvement of the education of women and in the reduction of infant mortality among other concerns. As at 2014, women make up for 25% of the sworn in cabinet that is promising for the feminine movement. These developments are portraying hopes that India will make bigger strides towards the correction of its gender imbalances in politics. Rao highlights that as at 2016, the representation of women in parliament has gone up. Women occupy 66 seats out of 543 members in Lok Sabha. However, the global average number of the women in parliament is 22.4%. India is in position 103 out of 140 countries. It has a 12% representation. Within Asia, India has been identified to be the 13th out of 18 countries. It is that time where women need to become the starters of statute. The women setting up the statutes ought to work towards the liberation of other women giving them an equal opportunity in having authority of either a village, country or state. The critical section that the woman setting up the statutes should consider first is stressing on the education of women. This will assist in making them knowledgeable of their political and socio-economic rights and thus develop a political mind that is independent. Development has been seen as the effective manner to offer abilities to women and help them attain their fullest self. Health and literacy are among the basic rights of a woman that enhance her to improve her position in the society through transforming her economic status. It highly assists in the attainment of political power as well. Works Cited Chhibber, Bharti. Women and the Indian Political Process. 24 April 2010. Kably, Lubna. Women have only an 11% representation in India's Parliament. 26 November 2013. Lal, Neeta. Womens Political Representation Lagging in India. 29 June 2014. Rao, Bhanupriya. Women in Parliament: Where India figures among the rest of the World. 6 March 2016. Socio Legal Information Centre. Womens Justice. 2013. Verma, Ravi. Without Government Action, the Burden Will Remain on Women to Fight Back Against Violence.

No Child Left Behind Law free essay sample

This paper is an analysis of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB Act) that would provide all children with equal education opportunities, no matter what their economic situation. This paper examines the affects of the No Child Left Behind Law on the Elementary and Secondary Education Act that was originally passed in 1965. The paper defines the new law and then examines how it was supposed work. Some of the topics discussed include discussion of Title 1 with great detail about whether or not the law will be implemented as it was intended, paying close attention to the weaknesses in the legislation. The paper looks at individual states compliance, the question of funding in middle schools for extra reading programs and the challenge of getting the information out about the law and the schools rights under it. The author also points out it should assist in the improvement of the quality of educators and hold low-performing schools accountable and demand improvement. We will write a custom essay sample on No Child Left Behind Law or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The law will also mean big changes in testing policies for elementary and middle schools, changes in the state accountability systems and increased state and local government involvement in the education systems in order to monitor compliance with the new regulations for funding. While a determined band of educators, advocates, and their philanthropic clique have pushed hard over the past decade and a half to improve the achievement and development of young adolescents, federally funded programs have practically ignored these students. Title I funds touched them infrequently, focusing chiefly on elementary school grades. Vocational education funds were for high school students. Safe and Drug Free Schools, Gear Up, and fractions of other programs helped students in the middle grades a bit, but no federal money supported their core academic learning.